{"id":1193,"date":"2026-09-28T14:07:18","date_gmt":"2026-09-28T08:37:18","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/?p=1193"},"modified":"2026-09-28T14:07:19","modified_gmt":"2026-09-28T08:37:19","slug":"al-masudi-historian-geographer-arabs","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/al-masudi-historian-geographer-arabs\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648 \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0651\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u0628\u0631: \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a (\u062a 346\u0647\u0640) \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0627\u0645\u0644\u060c \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062d\u0642 \u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628&#8221; \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646(\u0661). \u062a\u0633\u0639\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062a\u0628\u0651\u0639 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0648\u0642\u0648\u0641 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0628\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1536\" height=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a.png\" alt=\"\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0637\" class=\"wp-image-1194\" srcset=\"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a.png 1536w, https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a-300x200.png 300w, https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a-1024x683.png 1024w, https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a-768x512.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1536px) 100vw, 1536px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644: \u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.1 \u0627\u0633\u0645\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0628\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u064a\u0646\u062a\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u0646\u0633\u0628\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0644\u064a\u0644 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f \u0631\u0636\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0634\u062a\u064f\u0647\u0631 \u0628\u0644\u0642\u0628 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a&#8221;(\u0662). \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0623\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0651\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u062a\u064a\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0644\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0624\u0643\u062f\u064e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u062a\u0635\u0627\u0644\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0635\u062d\u0627\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0630\u0643\u0648\u0631(\u0663).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>1.2 \u0645\u0648\u0644\u062f\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0634\u0623\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0648\u064f\u0644\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u062d\u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 287\u0647\u0640\/900\u0645\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0648\u0627\u062e\u0631 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0636\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0646\u0641\u0633\u0647 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0647\u062f \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631&#8221; \u0628\u0623\u0646\u0647 \u0639\u0647\u062f \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a\u060c \u0625\u0630 \u0642\u0627\u0644: &#8220;\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0641\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062a\u0636\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0633\u0643\u0646\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u062a\u0646 \u0648\u0635\u0644\u062d\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0631\u062a\u0641\u0639\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0648\u0628&#8221;(\u0664).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0646\u0634\u0623 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0642\u0651\u0649 \u062a\u0646\u0634\u0626\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0622\u0646\u0630\u0627\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u0628\u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0627\u062e\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0642\u0647\u0627\u0626\u0647\u0627(\u0665).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a: \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.1 \u062f\u0648\u0627\u0641\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u062a\u0642\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u2014 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0642\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0641\u0629 \u2014 \u0648\u0623\u062a\u0642\u0646 \u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0645\u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0646\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u064a\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0647\u0651\u0644\u0647 \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0648\u0633\u0648\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647(\u0666).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.2 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0649 (309\u0647\u0640)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u063a\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u063a\u062f\u0627\u062f \u0633\u0646\u0629 309\u0647\u0640 \u0645\u062a\u062c\u0647\u0627\u064b \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0628\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0637\u0627\u0641 \u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u0643\u0631\u0645\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0641\u062a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0625\u0635\u0637\u062e\u0631. \u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0643\u0646\u0628\u0627\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0635\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0642\u0627\u0645 \u0645\u062f\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0645\u0628\u0627\u064a \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0631\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0628 (\u0633\u064a\u0644\u0627\u0646). \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0646\u0627\u0643 \u0623\u0628\u062d\u0631 \u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0631 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0648\u062c\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0632\u0627\u0626\u0631\u0627\u064b \u062c\u0632\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0626\u0647\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0639\u0627\u062f \u0641\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u0645\u062f\u063a\u0634\u0642\u0631 \u0648\u0632\u0646\u062c\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0642\u0628\u0644 \u0623\u0646 \u064a\u0631\u062c\u0639 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0639\u064f\u0645\u0627\u0646(\u0667).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>2.3 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 (312\u0647\u0640) \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0628\u062f\u0623\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 312\u0647\u0640 \u0646\u062d\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0631\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0630\u0631\u0628\u064a\u062c\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u062c\u0631\u062c\u0627\u0646\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645 \u0648\u0641\u0644\u0633\u0637\u064a\u0646. \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 332\u0647\u0640 \u0648\u0635\u0644 \u0623\u0646\u0637\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0627\u0631 \u062b\u063a\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645. \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u062f\u0645\u0634\u0642 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0648\u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637. \u0648\u064a\u064f\u0639\u0632\u0649 \u0639\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0648\u062f\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0636\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0631\u0627\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0637\u0629 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0648\u064a\u0647\u064a\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0628\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u0648\u0641\u0651\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u0636\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629(\u0668). \u0648\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062a\u0645\u0651 \u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 &#8220;\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628&#8221;.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u2014 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.1 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0637\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0639 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u0633\u0628\u0642\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0633\u0644\u0633\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0646\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0641\u0648\u064a (&#8220;\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062b\u0646\u0627 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0639\u0646 \u0641\u0644\u0627\u0646&#8221;)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0634\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0635\u064a\u0644 \u0628\u0633\u0628\u0628 \u062a\u0639\u062f\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0627\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0648\u062a \u062f\u0642\u062a\u0647\u0645(\u0669). \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0636 \u0639\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0630\u0643\u0631 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0627\u062a \u0643\u062a\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0639 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u0628\u0639\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u064a\u0646(\u0661\u0660).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.2 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0643\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0649 **\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u062e\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u0634\u0631\u0629** \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0648\u064a\u0644\u0629 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0646\u0639\u0646\u060c \u0641\u062c\u0627\u0621\u062a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0646\u0627\u0628\u0636\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0642\u062f \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0642\u062f \u0635\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u064a\u0641\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u062a\u0641\u0642 \u062f\u0648\u0646 \u062a\u0645\u062d\u064a\u0635(\u0661\u0661).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.3 \u0645\u0648\u0642\u0641\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062e\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u0631\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064e\u0648\u0652\u0644\u064a (\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0633\u0646\u0629)\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0627\u062d\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0628\u062d\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u062a\u064f\u0643\u0631\u0651\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062f\u062b\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u064a\u0646 \u0625\u0646 \u0627\u0645\u062a\u062f\u062a \u0632\u0645\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0631\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0628\u062f\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0631\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644(\u0661\u0662).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>3.4 \u0623\u062b\u0631\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u062c\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0639\u062f\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0648\u0646 \u0643\u0628\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u062a\u0647\u0645 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u062f\u0648\u0646\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u062a\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0628\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062f\u0648\u064a\u0646 \u0643\u0644\u064c\u0651 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u062d\u0648\u0642\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0646 \u0638\u0644\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0623\u062f\u0642\u0651 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0645\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644(\u0661\u0663).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627\u064b<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.1 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0637\u0639\u0651\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062f\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0631\u0627\u0628\u0637\u0627\u064b \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0637\u0628\u0627\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0644\u0627\u0642\u0647\u0627(\u0661\u0664).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.2 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u0631\u0641\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0628\u0637\u0644\u064a\u0645\u0648\u0633\u060c \u0643\u0640&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0633\u0637\u064a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0631&#8221;\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0623\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0641\u064a &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a&#8221;(\u0661\u0665). \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u0639\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0643\u0646\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0644\u0633\u0648\u0641 \u0648\u062a\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0630\u0647 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0628(\u0661\u0666)\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0641\u0627\u062f \u0645\u0646 \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062c\u064a\u0647\u0627\u0646\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u0644\u0645 \u0648\u0639\u062c\u0627\u0626\u0628\u0647(\u0661\u0667).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>4.3 \u0646\u0637\u0627\u0642 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u062f\u0631\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0629 (\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0627\u0645\u060c \u0645\u0635\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0627\u0632\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0631\u0628\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0627\u0642)\u060c \u0645\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u064b \u0623\u062b\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0626\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062d\u064a\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u062c\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0627\u0642\u062a\u0635\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0643\u0645\u0627 \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0642\u0637\u0627\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u062e\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0641\u0627\u0631\u0633 \u0648\u062e\u0648\u0632\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0635\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0648\u0645(\u0661\u0668).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u0645\u0633: \u0645\u0646\u0632\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0634\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0646<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">| \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0644 | \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u062f\u0631 | \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0644 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">| \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a | \u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a | &#8220;\u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0629 \u0635\u0627\u062d\u0628 \u063a\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0644\u062d \u0648\u0646\u0648\u0627\u062f\u0631&#8221; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">| \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 | \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a | &#8220;\u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641 \u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0644\u0648\u0643&#8221; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">| \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646 | (\u0645\u0642\u062f\u0645\u0629\/\u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644) | &#8220;\u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0642\u0637 \u0628\u0644 \u0647\u0648 \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e \u0648\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0627\u064b&#8221; |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">| \u0643\u0627\u062a\u064a\u0631\u0645\u064a\u0631 (\u0646\u0642\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646) | \u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628 | \u064a\u0628\u0647\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0638\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0651\u0639 \u0645\u0648\u0636\u0648\u0639\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0648\u0643\u062b\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0642\u0651\u062f\u0629 |<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u064f\u0644\u0627\u062d\u0638 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0643\u0631\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0628\u064a\u064a\u0646 \u0623\u0648\u0644\u0648\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0647\u062a\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0628\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0641\u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0627 \u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0644\u063a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0631\u0648\u0628\u064a\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0630 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0631\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0633\u0639 \u0639\u0634\u0631\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641\u0647 \u0628\u0639\u0636\u0647\u0645 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0628\u0644\u064a\u0646\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0642&#8221; \u0648\u0622\u062e\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0640&#8221;\u0647\u064a\u0631\u0648\u062f\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0631\u0642&#8221;(\u0661\u0669).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u062f\u0633: \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.1 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062b\u0651\u0642\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. **\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631** \u2014 \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647 \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a(\u0662\u0660).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. **\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641** \u2014 \u062a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0628\u0627\u0631\u064a\u0633\u060c \u0648\u0637\u064f\u0628\u0639 \u0645\u062d\u0642\u064e\u0651\u0642\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629 \u0633\u0646\u0629 1938\u0645(\u0662\u0661).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. **\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u062b\u0627\u0646**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. **\u0625\u062b\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u0637\u0627\u0644\u0628**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. **\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0626\u0645\u0629**.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.2 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u0637\u0648\u0637\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">**\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0633\u0637**: \u062d\u0644\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u0633\u0637\u0649 \u0628\u064a\u0646 &#8220;\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628&#8221; \u0648&#8221;\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0645\u0627\u0646&#8221;\u060c \u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u0642\u0633\u0645 \u0645\u0646\u0647 \u0645\u062d\u0641\u0648\u0638\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0643\u062a\u0628\u0629 \u0622\u064a\u0627 \u0635\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u0625\u0633\u0637\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0646\u0627\u0642\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0647\u0627\u064a\u0629(\u0662\u0662).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>6.3 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0623\u062d\u0635\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062d\u062b \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0647 &#8220;\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b&#8221; \u0639\u062f\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0651\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0641\u0642\u0648\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0630\u0643\u0627\u0631 \u0644\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0639\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0633\u0627\u0626\u0644\u060c \u0630\u062e\u0627\u0626\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0648\u0645\u0627 \u0643\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0627\u0644\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0647\u0648\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0648\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0629\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0628\u0635\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0645\u0632\u0627\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u0637\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u062b\u0627\u0631\u060c \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u0627\u062f\u0626 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0643\u064a\u0628\u060c \u062d\u062f\u0627\u0626\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0630\u0647\u0627\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0622\u0644 \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f(\u0662\u0663).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0628\u062d\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0639: \u0648\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0642\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0633\u0637\u0627\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631 \u0633\u0646\u0629 345\u0647\u0640\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0623\u063a\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645 \u0644\u0647. \u064a\u0642\u0648\u0644 \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a: &#8220;\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a\u0645\u0627 \u0628\u0644\u063a\u0646\u064a \u0633\u0646\u0629 \u0633\u062a \u0648\u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u064a\u0646 \u0648\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0645\u0626\u0629 \u0628\u0645\u0635\u0631&#8221;(\u0662\u0664).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0627\u062a\u0645\u0629<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">\u064a\u062a\u0651\u0636\u062d \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u0633\u0628\u0642 \u0623\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u064a\u0645\u062b\u0651\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0648\u0630\u062c\u0627\u064b \u0641\u0631\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062b \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u060c \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0641\u064a\u0647 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0635\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0633\u062a\u0643\u0634\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0628\u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0627\u064b \u062c\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0627\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u062f \u0628\u062f\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0643\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0621 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0644\u060c \u0645\u0645\u0627 \u062c\u0639\u0644\u0647 \u0645\u0631\u062c\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0644\u062f\u0627\u0631\u0633\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0627 \u062d\u062a\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u064a\u0648\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u0623\u0648\u0644\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0648\u0644\u064a\u0629 (\u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">1. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. *\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628 \u0648\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0648\u0647\u0631*. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0623\u0633\u0639\u062f \u062f\u0627\u063a\u0631. 4 \u0623\u062c\u0632\u0627\u0621. \u0642\u0645: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062c\u0631\u0629\u060c 1409\u0647\u0640.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">2. \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u0646 \u0639\u0644\u064a \u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. *\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0628\u064a\u0647 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0625\u0634\u0631\u0627\u0641*. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0644\u0647 \u0625\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0639\u064a\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0648\u064a. \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0647\u0631\u0629: \u062f\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c 1357\u0647\u0640\/1938\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0635\u0627\u062f\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0633\u064a\u0637\u0629 (\u0643\u062a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0645 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0627\u0631\u0633):<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">3. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062f\u064a\u0645\u060c \u0623\u0628\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u062c \u0645\u062d\u0645\u062f \u0628\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0642\u0648\u0628. *\u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a*. \u062a\u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0631\u0636\u0627 \u062a\u062c\u062f\u062f. \u0637\u0647\u0631\u0627\u0646\u060c 1391\u0647\u0640\/1971\u0645.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">4. \u064a\u0627\u0642\u0648\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0645\u0648\u064a. *\u0645\u0639\u062c\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u0628\u0627\u0621 (\u0625\u0631\u0634\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0631\u064a\u0628 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062f\u064a\u0628)*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">5. \u0627\u0628\u0646 \u0634\u0627\u0643\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0628\u064a. *\u0641\u0648\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0627\u062a*<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>\u062b\u0627\u0644\u062b\u0627\u064b: \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062c\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">6. \u0644\u0648\u0628\u0648\u0646\u060c \u063a\u0648\u0633\u062a\u0627\u0641. *\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628*. \u062a\u0631\u062c\u0645\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u062f\u0644 \u0632\u0639\u064a\u062a\u0631. (\u0627\u0644\u0623\u0635\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0646\u0633\u064a: 1884\u0645).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7. \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0632\u0627\u0648\u064a\u060c \u0639\u0628\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0631\u062d\u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0633\u064a\u0646. *\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0624\u0631\u062e\u0627\u064b*.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-paragraph\">8. \u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u060c \u0623\u062d\u0645\u062f. \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a\/\u062a\u0639\u0644\u064a\u0642\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a (\u0648\u0631\u062f \u0630\u0643\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0645\u0646 \u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0647\u0631\u0633\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0648\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0647\u0628).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u064a\u064f\u0639\u062f\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u0639\u0648\u062f\u064a \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0623\u0639\u0644\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0623\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0636\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0633\u0644\u0627\u0645\u064a\u0629. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u062a\u0627\u0632 \u0645\u0624\u0644\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0634\u0627\u0647\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0648\u0635\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0639\u0648\u0628 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0648\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0633\u064a\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0631\u062d\u0644\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0648\u0645\u0646\u0647\u062c\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0645\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062e\u0628\u0627\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u062d\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0623\u0628\u0631\u0632 \u0645\u0635\u0646\u0641\u0627\u062a\u0647\u060c \u0645\u0639 \u0628\u064a\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a\u0647 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0627\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062c\u063a\u0631\u0627\u0641\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0631\u0628\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1194,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1,8,11],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1193","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-news","category-culture","category-opinion"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1193","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1193"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1193\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1196,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1193\/revisions\/1196"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1194"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1193"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1193"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/theshabaka.com\/ar\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1193"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}